{"id":188,"date":"2005-07-06T10:34:50","date_gmt":"2005-07-06T10:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hasansaygin.com\/tr\/Hs\/?p=188"},"modified":"2020-11-06T07:47:49","modified_gmt":"2020-11-06T07:47:49","slug":"baslangictan-gunumuze-kyoto-protokolu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hasansaygin.com\/tr\/baslangictan-gunumuze-kyoto-protokolu\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kyoto Protokol\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sera gaz\u0131 yay\u0131mlar\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlama getiren Kyoto Protokol\u00fc, 1997\u2019deki ilk haliyle 2008-2012 periyodunda sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1990\u2019lardaki seviyelerinin ortalama %5.2 alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi zorunlulu\u011funu getirmi\u015ftir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Kyoyo Protokol\u00fc ile yay\u0131m hedeflerinin tutturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasa tabanl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 mekanizma kurulmu\u015ftur: (i) Uluslararas\u0131 yay\u0131m ticareti, Annex I \u00dclkeleri aras\u0131nda veya uluslararas\u0131 yay\u0131m ticaretine izin vermektedir: Sera gaz\u0131 yay\u0131m\u0131 belirlenen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan \u00fclkeler kalan yay\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 satabilirler. (ii) Ortak Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, Annex I\u2019e dahil taraflara, ayn\u0131 kategorideki di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yay\u0131m\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik projelere yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n kredilendirilerek kendileri i\u00e7in belirlenen hedeften d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesine olanak sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. (iii) Temiz kalk\u0131nma mekanizmas\u0131, geli\u015fmekte \u00fclkelerde yay\u0131m\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen projelere yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde Annex I \u00dclkelerinin, bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bir \u00f6ncekine benzer \u015fekilde kredilendirilerek toplam yay\u0131m hedeflerinden d\u00fc\u015fmesine imkan tan\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi, anla\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulabilmesi Sanayile\u015fmi\u015f D\u00fcnyan\u0131n 1990\u2019daki CO2 yay\u0131n\u0131m\u0131na en az % 55 oran\u0131nda katk\u0131da bulunan, yine en az 55 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi ko\u015fuluna ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin \u00e7ekilme e\u011filimini yans\u0131tmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte Protokol\u00fcn vizyonuna ilk g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, sonunda Bush y\u00f6netimdeki ABD, ekonomisine maliyetinin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki yay\u0131m hedeflerinden muaf tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilemeyece\u011fini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek, Protokolden \u00e7ekildi\u011fini 2001 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda resmen a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, protokol\u00fcn \u00e7evresel etkinli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra maliyet etkinli\u011fini de dramatik olarak etkiledi\u011finden, Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ABD\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olmadan uygulanabilirli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik ciddi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fmeyi takiben, 180 \u00dclkeden delegenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Haziran 2001\u2019de Bonn\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen m\u00fczakereler sonucunda, Kyoto K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nma Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden on y\u0131l bile ge\u00e7meden \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi saptanarak, bu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn mutlaka \u00f6nlenmesi do\u011frultusunda karar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Protokol\u00fcn ABD olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin stratejilerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda liderli\u011fi AB \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmesinin ard\u0131ndan ba\u015fta Rusya ve Ukrayna olmak \u00fczere eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00dclkeleri ile Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00dclkelerinin ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 protokol\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi i\u00e7in gereken \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda son derece \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olas\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn engellenmesi i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen sonraki stratejiler, bu \u00fclkelerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Protokol\u00fcn ilk etkinli\u011fini azaltma pahas\u0131na baz\u0131 \u00fclkelere \u00e7e\u015fitli imtiyazlar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 yoluna gidilmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda, Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ilk halinde belirlenen hedefler Bonn\u2019da ve ard\u0131ndan Marake\u015f\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen toplant\u0131larda yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Bonn\u2019da \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve CO2 yay\u0131m\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rman\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn orman ve tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 CO2 ile kar\u015f\u0131lanabilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin yeni se\u00e7enekler Marrakesh\u2019de somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marake\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7, Protokol\u2019e CO2 so\u011furucular\u0131n girdilenmesidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, Avustralya, Kanada, Yeni Zelanda, Japonya ve Rusya gibi \u00fclkelere, CO2 so\u011furucu (sink) kredisi olarak isimlendirilen ve sera gaz\u0131 depolayan ormanlar ve tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yay\u0131m\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin hedeflenen toplam miktardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere \u00f6nemli miktarda CO2 kredisi verilmi\u015ftir. CO2 so\u011furucular\u0131na ili\u015fkin kredilendirmenin ithal edilmesi, Kyoto Protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk halini yumu\u015fatarak etkinli\u011fini zay\u0131flatan en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131md\u0131r ve protokol\u00fcn Marake\u015f toplant\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekli yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Protokol\u00fcn yeni versiyonu bir \u00fclkenin yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya ili\u015fkin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131m ticareti ile kar\u015f\u0131layamaya e\u011filim g\u00f6sterebilece\u011fi veya izin verilen miktarla yay\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda satabilece\u011fi bir bo\u015fluk tasarlayabilece\u011fi gibi Protokol\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcne ve dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rememi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekte Protokol\u2019\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmas\u0131nda kilit \u00fclke olan Rusya bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde en \u00f6nemli oyuncu olarak rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Kyoto Protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn Rusya\u2019n\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi Marake\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Rusya\u2019n\u0131n CO2 absorblama kredisinin Bonn\u2019da belirtilen miktar\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 isteminin kabul edilmesi yoluyla kazan\u0131labilmi\u015f bir \u201cba\u015far\u0131\u201dd\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak ifade etmek gerekirse, Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinin maliyetini etkileyen ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6nelik anla\u015fmalar\u0131n etkinli\u011fini belirleyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rler, ABD\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, CO2 So\u011furucular\u0131, yay\u0131m ticareti mekanizmalar\u0131 ve buna ili\u015fkin ticari k\u0131s\u0131tlamalard\u0131r. Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca ulusal \u00e7abalarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi \u00fclkelere, ABD\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra \u00e7ok daha artan \u00f6nemli maliyetler getirmektedir. Protokol y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin ta\u015f\u0131nabilir k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in \u00fclkelere esneklik sa\u011flamak \u00fczere girdilenen yay\u0131m ticareti, bu maliyetlerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilmesine, paralelinde ise baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler ve \u00f6zellikle Rusya i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u00e7 potansiyelinin do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda, kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn giderek etkinli\u011fini yitirmesine ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in bir nevi kendini aldatmacaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olabilecek tehlikenin sinyallerini de vermektedir. Tekrar vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r ki; Protokol\u2019\u00fcn anlaml\u0131 hale gelmesi D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck CO2 yay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan ABD\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan etkinliklerinden kaynaklanan sera gaz\u0131 yay\u0131m\u0131ndaki ba\u015f akt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn, bu alandaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ret ederek k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ile ortak m\u00fccadeleden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n mazereti olamaz. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok faydalanan \u00dclke olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ABD\u2019nin, gelecek ku\u015faklara kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun gerektirdi\u011fi k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ile m\u00fccadelenin ekonomik, sosyal, \u00e7evresel maliyetini ve y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcm\u00fcyle di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin s\u0131rt\u0131na b\u0131rakmas\u0131, bu politikalar\u0131n mutlak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olabilece\u011fi ve sonucu gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131n ya\u015fam hakk\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye kadar varabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in ku\u015fkusuz s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ac\u0131mas\u0131z\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

H. SAYGIN<\/strong>, \u201cENERJ\u0130POL\u0130T\u0130K<\/span><\/strong>: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u201d, <\/span>Enerji<\/span><\/strong>, Y\u0131l: 10, Say\u0131: 7, Sayfa: 27 (Temmuz 2005<\/span><\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sera gaz\u0131 yay\u0131mlar\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlama getiren Kyoto Protokol\u00fc, 1997\u2019deki ilk haliyle 2008-2012 periyodunda sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1990\u2019lardaki seviyelerinin ortalama %5.2 alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi zorunlulu\u011funu getirmi\u015ftir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Kyoyo Protokol\u00fc ile yay\u0131m hedeflerinin tutturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasa tabanl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 mekanizma kurulmu\u015ftur: (i) Uluslararas\u0131 yay\u0131m ticareti, Annex I \u00dclkeleri aras\u0131nda veya uluslararas\u0131 yay\u0131m ticaretine izin vermektedir: Sera gaz\u0131 yay\u0131m\u0131 belirlenen … <\/p>\n

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